







or THE 






OT^^Z) 



BAR IRON MANUFACTURERS 



SHOWING THE 



PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF PIG AND WROUGHT \ 
IRON THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, f 






'1 



i.O 



THOMAS DUNLAP, Secretary. 



FIRLISHED BY ORDER OF THE ASSOCIATION. 



I\ 




PHILADELPHIA : 
J. A. WAC4ENSELLER, PRINTER, 28 NORTH SIXTH STREET 

1872. 



i 



V^-~_^;^*^ijC3 




ji^IR^T QUARTEFJLY I^EPOF(T 



OF THE 



u 

SHOWING THE 

rRODucTiON^ AND consumptio:n^ of pig and wrought 

IRON THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, 

TOGETHER WITH A COMPARISON OF THE 

WAGES PAID LABOR IN THE IRON INDUSTRY 

IN THE 

HUxiUA ^tatei^ mA (Bn^hmi 

AND THE 

CONDITION OF LABOB THBOUQHOITT THE WOBLD; 

INCLUDING 

Tables of Prices of Iron for the Year 1871, in tlie 
Princii)al Cities of the United States. 



READ BEFORE THE 

national Assodation of Bar Iron MamMfactnreFS, 

Philadelphia, January lOth, 1872. 

THOMAS DUNLAP, Secretary. 



PUBLISHED BT UBDER UF THE ASSUCIATION. 



PHILADELPHIA : 
J. A. WAGENSELLER, PRINTER, 23 NORTH SIXTH STREET. 

1872. 






^" 






PREFA CE. 



Mit 0f tire |[ati0nal Jlssociation 0f §ar gton panufaclurtrs, 

ESTABLISHED FOR THE PURPOSE OF 

Obtaining full Statistics of the Iron Trade throughout the World, and effecting frequent 

Interchange of Ideas, improving the Manufacture of Iron in the United States, and 

securing Harmonious Action in all matters pertaining to the Iron Interests. 

Officers of the Association. Managers. 

.lAS. I. Bennett, President, Pittsburgh, Pa. James Westerman, Sharon, Pa. 

Nathan Rowland, 1st Vice-President, Pliilada. Wm. Mulligan, Saugerties, N. Y. 

Jas. E. Walker, 2d Vice-President, Troy, N. Y. O. Williams, Catasauqua. Pa. 

Wm. E. S. Baker, Treasurer, Pliiladelpliia, Pa. Ohas. S. Lynch, Boston, Mass. 

Thos. Dunlap, Secretai-y, Philadelptiia, Pa. C. B. Herron, Pittsburgh!, Pa. 

No. 311 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 



THE following review of the Production and Consumption of 
Eaw and Manufactured Iron throughout the World, the 
Comparative Condition and Wages of Labor, &c. &c., was not 
originally prepared with a view to publication, and is necessarily 
imperfect in many particulars. 

The Report was read before the National Association of Bar 
Iron Manufacturers, at the First Quarterly Meeting of that body, 
held at Philadelphia, January 10th and 11th, 1872, and was pre- 
pared by the Secretary from such statistics as he could collate 
during the first three months of his official duty, before any reg- 
ular system of returns could be organized, and without any reli- 
able data upon which to base previous production. The figures 
given are in the main believed to be correct, and consist rather 
of a grouping of fragmentary reports hitherto published in vari- 
ous localities, than in any general compendium. The statistics 
of the progress made in the Iron Industry in the Northwest, are 
reliable, as collated from a personal canvass by a gentleman of 



4 PREFACf]. 

thSt region, who has devoted much time to examining the indus- 
tries of the country. 

The attention of all interested in the condition and prosperity 
of American Workingmen is invited to the comparison of wages 
paid in the same branch of labor here and in England, as show- 
ing the immensely improved condition of the iron-worker in the 
United States over that of his fellow-workman abroad. That no 
diminution of the present prosperous state of American labor 
may occur through improper or unjust legislation, should be the 
wish of every American citizen. 

The Association has seen fit to order the publication and cir- 
culation of this Report; if it shall in any Way aid in demonstra- 
ting the justice and necessity of a wise Protection to Home In- 
dustry, by showing what has been accomplished under such a 
systeria, the object of the writer will have been accomplished. 
In the effort, he feels satisfied that a duty to one branch at least 
of American industry has been performed. 

THOMAS DUNLAP, 

Secretary. 

Philadelphia, January, 1872. 



The following Resolutions were unanimously adopted at the 
meeting of the Association, and directed to be printed: 

We, the Bar Iron Manufacturers of the United States, in Con- 
vention assembled at Philadelphia, representing with kindred 
interests over a million workmen, the value of whoso products 
in 1871 amounted to $900,000,000, do resolve— 

First. That in the adjustment of national revenue, the wages 
of labor and the interests of capital should be taken into account, 
and no changes be made to their injury. 

Second. That the enormous increase of our iron manufactures 
within the last decade, and the collateral benefit to the industry 



PREFACE. 5 

of the whole country, can be traced to the protection given to 
the iron interests during that period. 

Third. That the present prosperity of labor in the United 
States, enabling the working man to occupy a higher position in 
social life, with privileges and comforts unknown to the work- 
men of any other country, is attributable to the liberal wage's 
paid for labor under a protective policy. 

Fourth. That these wages are dependent upon the price of the 
manufactured article, and a reduction in the tariif means a re- 
duction in the wages paid American labor. 

Fifth. That the present duties upon iron are not giving to 
labor and capital more than a fair return for the work performed 
and the risks involved, and any reduction in the tariff would 
eventually close our mills and furnaces, leave without means of 
support our w^orkmen, prove disastrous to the farmers and shop 
keepers, and cripple all other industrial pursuits. 

Sixth. That further, as American citizens, w^e protest against 
the adoption of any policy which shall retard the development 
of our country, and place us in a condition of dependence upon 
foreign nations for our manufactures. 



SECRETARY'S REPORT. 



PKODUCTION OF PIG IRON. 

The production of pig iron in the United States for the year 
1871 has been returned at 1,850,000 tons, or 250,000 tons less 
than it would have been but for the coal strike of that year in 
Pennsylvania, during which 30 stacks were out of blast. This 
amount is considered in some quarters to be too small, but is 
probably nearer correct than a larger estimate. The approximate 
value of the pig iron made in 1871 was $75,000,000, in earning 
which we find 79,500 hands employed in preparing ore and fuel, 
and directly in labor at the furnace. The following is the distri- 
bution of production, as considered from the various sections in 
which the furnaces are grouped by reason of proximity of ores 
or fuel. This estimate is taken from the review of the iron trade 
for 1871, published in the Philadelphia North American^ and is 
approximately correct, although it is stated the production of raw 
coal and coke iron was from 50,000 to 75,000 tons greater, and 
that the amount given as the Southern charcoal product — 15,000 
tons — is below the actual product. The following is the estimated 
production for 1871 : 



Anthracite Pig Iron. Tons 2000 lbs. 

Lebigli Region 275,000- 

Schuylkill Region 142,000 

Upper Siisquehanna ~ 118,000 

Lower Susquehanna 118,000 

East Group (E. & N. of Pa) 210,000 

Raw Coal and Coke Pig Iron 

Charcoal Pig Iron. 

New England 35,000 " 

N. Y., K J., Pa. andMd 137,000 

Western States 200,000 

Southern States.. 15,000 



Est'd prd't 

in 1S71. 

Tons 2000 lbs. 



863,000 



600,000 



387,000 



J 



Total Pig Iron, tons of 2000 lbs. 



1,850,000 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 7 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

The Leblgli Kegion of Pennsylvania has a capacity of 378,000 
tons, divided among 33 furnaces, as follows : 

Farnacei. Toai4. 

Parryville, the Carbon Iron Co 3 28,000 

Coplay, Lehigh Valley Iron Co 3 28,000 

Hokendauqua, Thomas Iron Co 4 53,000 

Lockridge, Thomas Iron Co 2 21,000 

Catasauqua, Lehigh Crane Co 6 65,000 

Allentown, Allentown Iron Co 4 30,000 

" Allentown Rolling Mill Co 2 18,000 

" Lehigh Iron Co 1 9,000 

Bethlehem, Bethlehem Iron Co 3 30,000 

Hellertown, Saucon Iron Co 2 18,000 

" North Penn. Iron Co 1 10,000 

Coleraine, Coleraine Iron Co 1 10 000 

Uhlen, near Easton 1 9 000 

Glendon, Glendon Iron Co 5 50 000 

38 378,000 

The following furnaces are building and are nearly ready: 

Emaus one, capacity 1 9 000 

Coleraine, one 1 9 000 

Allentown Iron "Works 1 9 000 

The ores principally used are about 70 per cent. Hematite, from 
Lehigh, Berks and Northampton counties, Pennsylvania, and 30 
per cent, magnetic, from the mines of New Jersey, and South 
Mountain, Pa. Coal is used from the Lehigh anthracite mines 
and from the Wyoming and Schuylkill regions. The limestone 
is from the immediate vicinity of the furnaces. 

The Schuylkill region has a capacity of 160,300 tons with all 
the furnaces in blast, several having been idle during the year. 
The following gives the location and capacity : 

Locatioa. Capacity. 

Tons. 

Pottsville, Pioneer Furnaces .' 14 OOO 

St. Clair Furnaces 4 goO 

Leesport Furnaces, (out of blast) 10 000 

Reading, Bushong Furnaces .' 11,000 

Henry Clay " 12,'ooo 

" Reading " 7^000 

Monocacy Furnaces 4 700 

Phcenixville Furnaces ig 700 

Port Kennedy, Montgomery Furnace 7,500 



8 First Quarterly Report of the 

Conshohocken, Merwin Furnace 7,500 

Plymouth " 18,000 

Norristown, Hooven Furnace (out of blast) 11,000 

" Lucinda " 4,600 

Spring Mill, \Vm. Penn " 16,000 

Swedeland, Swedes Furnace 13,500 

160,300 
The estimated product of the other regions of Pennsylvania is 
as follows: — Pittsburgh and immediate vicinity. — Built and in 
operation, 7 stacks, with a capacity of 70,000 tons, thus — 

Tons. 

Jones & Laughlin, 2 stacks 20,000 

Clinton Furnace, Graff, Bennett & Co., 1 stack 10,000 

Superior Furnace, 2 stacks 20,000 

Shoenberger Furnace, 2 stacks 20,000 



70,000 
In course of erection as follows : 

Isabella Furnace, 2 stacks. 

1 stack, 18 feet bosh, and 75 feet high. 

1 " 20 " 75 " 

1 " 20 " 75 

1 " 18 " 75 

The estimated product of the above will be 90,000 tons, or, 
with the existing furnaces, a total of 160,000 tons of pig iron for 
Pittsburgh, in 1872. 

SHENANGO VALLEY. 

The production of the Shenango Valley is distributed as 
follows : 

Location. Stacks. Capacity. 

Tonp. 

Erie 1 10,000 

Sharpsville . 5 45,000 

Sharon 5 45,000 

Wheatland 4 28,C00 

Middlesex 3 21,000 

New Castle....! 4 35,000 

Wampum 1 8,000 



Total 23 192,000 

There are also in course of construction the following furnaces : 
Sharpsville, 1,12,000 tons capacity ; Sharon, 1, 12,000 tons; New 
Castle, 1, 23,000 tons. The remaining production is distributed 
throughout the regions of Harrisburg and Juniata, Lower Sus- 
quehanna, Danville and Johnstown. 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 9 

OHIO. 

The prominent iron producing region of Ohio is the Mahoning 
Valley, in which the production is thus distributed : 

Location. Stacks. Capncily. 

Tons 

Warren , 1 10,000 

Niles 4 30,000 

Girard 1 10,000 

Brier Hill 4 40,000 

Yoimgstown 5 50,000 

Hubbard 2 20,000 

Powers Station 2 20,000 

Struthers 1 16,000 

Lowellville 1 7,000 

21 203,000 

These furnaces run on Lake Superior ores and the block coal 
of the region, which is especially adapted to the production of 
iron. 

At Cleveland there are also two furnaces with a capacity of 
17,000 tons ; and at Zanesville. 

In the Hanging Rock region of South-eastern Ohio and North- 
eastern Kentucky, is an ore belt of twelve miles in width and fifty 
in length, north of the Ohio river and thirty miles below it. This 
belt of ore runs northward into Northern Ohio and south into 
Tennessee, where it is known as the Chattanooga Iron District. 

In the portion of this region belonging to Ohio and immediately 
surrounding the city of Ironton, there are fourteen blast furnaces, 
all but one of which are cold or hot blast charcoal furnaces, and 
produce a quality of iron which is justly celebrated for its supe- 
riority in the manufacture of car wheels. The ores of this region 
as yet mined are surface deposits, although immense supplies yet 
entrenched exist to a considerable depth. There is also abundant 
coal suitable for Rolling Mill purposes, but unfitted for smelting 
iron from the sulphur existing in it. At Jackson, Ohio, and 
Coalton, near Ashland, Kentucky, are large deposits of coal 
remarkably free from sulphur, and which are used for smelting 
at these points. Still the main production of the entire region is 
Charcoal Iron, and from the reputation of the iron it is likely the 
use of this fuel will be maintained as long as possible. 

The following table gives the Furnaces in the Ironton region 
of Ohio with their production : 



10 



First Quarterly Report of the 



Monitor 

Ohio 

Pine Grove.. 

Hecla 

Lawrence.... 

Vesuvius 

Center 

Grant 

Olive 

Buckhorn ... 

Howard 

Mt. Vernon.. 

Etna 

Belfont 



Cold blast.. 
Hot " . 

" " 
Cold " '. 

Warm " . 
Hot " . 



Fuel. Yearly ^Produc- shipping from 



Charcoal , 



Stone coal. 



2,500 
3,000 
3,000 
3,500 
2,500 
2,500 
3,000 
2,500 
3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
3,500 
3,000 
7,500 



tons. 



Petersburg. 
Hanging Rock. 

Iron ton. 



Giving a total production of 44,500 tons of iron in this region. 



KENTUCKY. 



The following gives the name and location of the Kentucky 
furnaces of this region, together with their production : 



Ashland 

Star 

Mt. Savage 

Buena Vista 

Bellefonte 

Buffalo...... 

Hunnewen i " 

Pennsylvania ■ " 

Laurel " 

Raccoon ICold 

Boone iHot 



Hot blast. 



Fuel, 



Stone coal. 
Charcoal .. 



Yearly Produc- 
tion. 



12,000 tons 
3,500 
3,000 
3,500 
3,000 
2,000 
2,500 
2,500 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 



Shipping from 



Ashland. 



Landing. 



Giving a total of 38,000 tons, of which 12,000 tons are Stone 
Coal and the rest Charcoal Iron. 

The most important of these furnaces in point of production is 
the Ashland Furnace, which was built in 1869, and at the time of 
its erection was said to have the largest stack west of the Alle- 
ghany mountains, being capable of producing forty tons daily, or 
about one thousand tons per month. This furnace uses stone 
coal from the vein at Coaltou, and some 75 tons of ore daily — 
two-thirds Missouri and the remainder Native ore from the imme- 
diate vicinity. The product is principally Mill Iron, consumed 
by Ohio and Indiana Eolling Mills. Several new furnaces are 
projected in this region. 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 11 

MICHIGAN. 

The Lake Superior region of Michigan produced in 1870, 
985,521 tons of ore, valued at $4,222,300, and in 1871 nearly 
1,250,000 tons. This ore sold during 1871 at Cleveland at an 
average of $8 per ton ; but is quoted at $8.50 to $9 for 1872, 
demand having greatly increased. Trade in this ore employs 
over 200 vessels. 

There are 15 stacks in Lake Superior region, with a product of 
50,000 tons, valued at $2,000,000. This region contributed since 
1856 to 1870, 4,023,919 tons of ore and pig iron, valued at $29,- 
069,883. It is particularly noticeable that the increase of 1871 
over 1861, the beginning and end of a decade, is 1,196,600, or 
$7,080,499, showing the development of this one industry under a 
period of moderately protective tariff. 

The following is the total production of iron ore and charcoal 
pig (gross tons) for the year 1871, in the county of Marquette, 
for which we are indebted to the Marquette Journal. The yield 
of ore and charcoal iron is in excess of the year previous, and 
exhibits a magnificent return from a region that is yet in the 
early morning of its development : 

GROSS TONS IRON ORE. 

Jackson Iron Co 132,297 

Cleveland Iron Mining Co 142,658 

Lake Superior Iron Co 158,047 

fBarnumMine 45,939 

Iron Cliff Co. -{Foster Mine 13,203 

[Red Ore Mine 329 

Washington Iron Co 48,725 

Champion Iron Co 67,588 

Pittsburgh & L. ) Edwards Mine 26,437 

A. Iron Co. ) Lake Angeline Mine 33,645 

New York Mine 76,381 

New England Iron Co 33,359 

McCumber Mine ... 15,942 

Grand Central Mine 2,921 

Winthrop Iron Co 7,319 

Negaunee Mine 4,787 

Cascade " 3,719 

Harlow " 83 

Total 813,379 



12 First Quarterly Report of the 

TONS PIG IRON. 

Furnaces. Total. 

Morgan 4,793 

Champion 5,09* 

Michigan 4,460 

Greenwood 4,450 

Pioneer 8,193 

Deer Lake 2,309 

Bancroft 3,850 

Collins 4,174 

Bay 3,597 

Fajette 8,696 

M. & P. Rolling Mill Co 1,610 



Total Pig Iron 51,225 

Total tons ore and pig iron 864,604 

At the close of navigation there were on hand at the different- 
mines from 50,000 to 100,000 tons of ore, which ought properly 
to be added to the shipments in order to show the actual product 
for the year. 

Outside of the Lake Superior region there are in Michigan two 
furnaces at AVyandotte, capacity 8000 tons, and one or two others 
not noted. 

WISCONSIN. 
The growth of the production of pig iron in the Northwest is 
remarkable, and in no State more than Wisconsin, which now 
contains ten furnaces in blast and three new ones projected or 
building. These are located and yield as follows : 

Capacity. 
Tons. 

Ironton, 1 stack 2,500 

Iron Ridge, 1 stack 2,700 

Maryville, 1 stack 3,300 

This group uses Winconsin ores with charcoal fuel: 

Green Bay, 1 stack 6,000 

De Pere, Fox River, 1 stack 5,400 

" First National, 1 stack 6,000 

Appleton, 1 stack.... 6,000 

Fond du Lac, 1 stack 6,000 

This group uses Lake Superior ores with Charcoal : 

Milwaukee, 2 stacks 30,000 



Total number of stacks, 10 Total product 67,900 

The two furnaces at Milwaukee use bituminous and anthracite 
coals and coke. The average consumption of coal at a charcoal 
furnace of 6,000 tons capacity is 700,000 bushels, equivalent to 
21,000 cords of wood, the average yield being 20 cords to the 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 13 

acre. This coal averages 8 cents per bushel, and is consumed at 
the rate of 100 bushels to the ton of iron. 

MISSOURI. 
The production of Missouri is represented by a total of 15 fur- 
naces, eight of which use charcoal, and seven stone coal fuel. Of 
the charcoal furnaces three are driven by cold and five by hot 
blast. The following gives the location, capacity and date of 
establishment of each : 

Location. Capacity. Date. 

Pilot Knob 2 10,000 1849 

Iron. Mountain 2 13,500 1845 

Irondale 1 6,000 1860 

Scotia 1 6,000 1870 

Maramec 1 5,000 

Mozelle 1 5,000 

8 44,500 tons. 

Stone coal, all erected within a few years. 

Lewis Iron Co 2 25,000 

South St. Louis Iron Co 2 25,000 

Kingsland 2 25,000 

Carondelet , 1 10,000 

85,000 
Total productive capacity of pig iron in Missouri, 129,500 
tons. Price of labor at these furnaces is $1,40 to $1.75 per day. 

ILLINOIS. 

There are at Chicago two furnaces, with a capacity of 35,000 
per annum ; and at Springfield and East St. Louis new furna- 
ces projected. The coal used at Chicago comes mainly from 
Erie and Pittsburgh, Pa. 

INDIANA. 

The production in Indiana is represented by seven blast fur- 
naces, running on Lake Superior and Iron Mountain ores and 
the block coal of the locality. The product is said to be superior 
for Bessemer purposes. Various new works are projected or 
building throughout Indiana, which bids fair to become a leading- 
manufacturing State. 

From Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia, 
no full data have been, received, nor from the Northern and East- 
ern furnaces ; hence no report is given of these. The object of 
the allusion to the Western States being to show the rapid 



14 First 'Quarterly Rlp^i of the 

advance made in the industry in that region under the influence 
of a protective tariff. 

CONSUMPTION OF IRON. 

The consumption of iron has been said to measure the progress 
of a people in manufactures, in industry, and to some extent in 
civilization. In the United States, from various causes, the con- 
sumption of iron must greatly increase, and for notable reasons, 
particularly during the current year. 

These are : the immense amount needed to rebuild Chicago 
and supply the losses by fire in the Northwest; the extension of 
our railway system, under the impetus lately given to it by the 
narrow gauge improvement ; the building of iron ships, in which 
great progress is being made ; and the demand for metal for the 
numerous new inventions in labor-saving machinery. 

A fair estimate will put the actual requirements of consump- 
tion for the year 1872 at 20 per cent, over that of 1871. 

No reliable data of consumption of iron in the world are fur- 
nished later than 1867, when it was placed at 9,500,000 tons 
which, with a population of one thousand millions, would average 
21 pounds per capita. 

In England, the consumption in 1867 was given at 189 pounds 
per head : in France, 69| pounds ; and in the United States, in 
1870, 115 pounds. The total consumption of iron in the United 
States, for 1870 was about 2,000,000 tons, of which one-half went 
into railroads. As we are building railroads at the rate of 7000 miles 
per annum, into which one-half our product and importation 
goes, the consumption per capita is reduced to about 58 pounds — 
being in striking contrast with that of England and France, the 
former of which is the only nation exporting to any great extent. 
The abundance of coal and ores in this country points to the cer- 
tainty of our supplying the markets of this hemisphere at least, 
probably within the next fifty years. 

FOREIGN PRODUCTION. 

The absence of full statistics for 1871 as yet, from England 
and the Continent, prevents a full review of production abroad. 
The product of pig iron in England for the year under review- 
will not be less, however, than 6,000,000 tons. At the close of 
the first six months of the year 1871 there were in Great Britain 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 15 

920 blast furnaces, of which 691 were under burden. Of these 
915 were stone coal furnaces and 5 charcoal furnaces; 688 of the 
former and 8 of the latter being in blast. The increase in 
demand and advance in price since July has doubtless put most 
of the furnaces, at that time idle, again under burden. 

The following gives the localities among which these furnaces 
are distributed : 

Total. No. in 

DISTRICT. No. Blast. 

Cleveland 86 84 

Northeast of England 44 38 

Northwest of England 65 59 

South Staffordshire 165 103 

North Staffordshire 40 36 

Shropshire 29 23 

Yorkshire, West Riding 41 27 

Derbyshire 43 35 

Northampton and Lincoln 26 17 

Gloucester, Wilts, etc 18 12 

North Wales 10 5 

South Wales and Monmouth..... 188 120 

Scotland 160 130 

915 688 

Charcoal furnaces 5 3 

Total No. Stacks 920 

Total in blast 691 

In view of the activity in demand, the production will be, it is 
likely, largely increased in 1872. New furnaces are being 
erected, and new deposits of iron stone are sought in every possi- 
ble locality. 

The following very interesting review of the Iron Trade of 
Scotland is from a leading firm of Glasgow, and is worthy of 
attention : 

The incidents and movements in the Scotch pig iron trade, 
during the last twelve months, have been of such a surprising, and, 
at the same time, of such a satisfactory nature, that we have more 
than ordinary pleasure in submitting our annual statistics for 3'our 
perusal. For some time, Scotland has remained to a great extent 
in a waiting attitude, as the enterprising expansion of production 
in the North of England caused makers here not only to pause in 
their extensions, but even to curtail their out put, and consumers 
everywhere to use as large a proportion of Middlesbrough brands as 
was consistent with the quality cf their manufactures. The effect 
of this was^ however, that there were always additions to the heavy 



16 First Quarterly Report of the 

stocks here at the end of each of the last few years; but by degrees 
it was discovered that mixtures of the pig iron of the two districts 
gave better results, and as trade was reviving quietly at the close 
of 1870, the sterling character of our local brands, added to the fact 
that no matter how many furnaces were built in Yorkshire, the 
available stocks there were always at a minimum, imparted a great 
reaction in feeling, and completely upset the theory held so per- 
sistently by a large section of the trade, and also by outside ob- 
servers — that the competitive production must eventually swamp 
us. Another argument always adduced in conjunction with the 
foregoing was, the heavy stock of Old Carron in reserve ; but as 
the brand had been heavily sold at moderate rates, and entered 
most extensively into consumption at home and abroad — thereby 
making a rapid drain on this antiquated lot — confidence revived, so 
that with these apprehensions overcome, ihe world at peace and 
disposed for free trade, the return of our committee, which we 
annex, presents a striking contrast to the monotonous tenor of 
their former reports. The very moderate prices current toward 
the close of the war, eai'ly in spring, induced large purchases for 
export, quotations being then so reasonable as to attract orders 
from all parts, despite the adverse appearance of politics, and the 
influences referred to in our last circular were soon realized, as the 
consumers generally have allowed their stocks to run to a low 
point, pending the course of events. The idea that France and 
Germany would be paralyzed for a long time after the cessation of 
their struggle was very soon dissijiated, as it became apparent that 
what the former had to pay as indemnity was gain to the latter, 
and that the money market would not be much disturbed. The 
rapidity with which commerce has resumed its wonted channels in 
both instances is astonishing, and would have argued well for the 
future but for the rancor still existing, and which may at any 
moment override all efforts at international arbitration. The year 
began steadily, and ends with the trade in the healthy state of 
demand far outstripping supply, and with such a volume of business 
transacted as will always make it memorable to all persons and 
trades interested in this influential branch of our national industry. 
Production. — Although there are 154 furnaces available in Scot- 
land, the peculiar combination of determined attempts on the part 
of the colliers and miners to reduce their hours of labor, and, conse- 
quently, the out-put of minerals, and an evident scarcity of Black- 
band ironstone in the country, have prevented our ironmasters 
from increasing their make — as the average number of furnaces in 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 17 

blast this year lias only been 127, against 130 in 1870. The demand 
for coal has exceeded all precedent, so that in several instances it 
was remunerative for those of our ironmasters who are also coal- 
masters to realize their coals rather than put on more furnaces. 
There has been a great amount of attention bestowed on the adap- 
tation of patents for economizing fuel and cheapening costs gene- 
rall}^, but the self coking system, as invented by Mr. AVm. Ferrie, 
of the Monkland AVorks, and pcrseveringly applied there, ia the 
only method which has as 3'et proved successful in the main points. 
There is likely lo be a development of this improvement, as 
well as an aj)plication of some other original ideas in process of 
maturing, or partly experimented on. It is now, however, quite 
plain that, even if the cost of production is sensibly reduced and a 
much larger quantit}'' per furnace attained, the district has reached 
almost its maximum out-put, at least so long as no further import- 
ant discoveries of minerals take place, or the miners work so 
antagonistically as they are in the habit of doing. The make is 
46,000 tons less than in 1870. 

Consumption. — A change has taken place under this head, as 
our rolling mills — which lor many a day had woi'ked lethargically 
upon specifications from hand to mouth, at almost cost prices — 
have had such an accession of orders, at advancing rates, that the 
quantity of pig iron melted this year would have exceeded any 
former period, but for the strike of puddlers, which occurred early 
in the spring, and which lasted for about six weeks, representing a 
loss of work to the extent of about 30,000 tons. The malleable 
iron workers have been most troublesome throughout ; and no sys- 
tem has yet been discovered whereby the masters and men in Scot- 
land can be brought into harmony on all points. The sliding scale 
of wages about to be tested in the North of England may adjust an 
element which sadly interferes with the execution of heavy orders 
in brisk periods of trade. Common bars were sold as low as £7 58. 
per ton, less 5 per cent.; ship plates at £8 2s. 6d, less 5 per cent.; 
they now stand at £10 and £12 respectively, showing a startling rally 
in a few months. The railway chair orders have not come up to 
expectation, and some foundries, especially laid out for this class of 
work, are quite closed. Light miscellaneous castings, and gas and 
water pipes, are in excellent demand, so that, as a whole, extra 
activity prevails. The scarcity of skilled workmen, and the arbi- 
trary moves of trades' unions, have acted very much against the 
consumption of the raw material in every branch, and 41,000 tons 
less have been used this year. 



18 First Quarterly Rej^ort of the 

Exports. — This section also presents most encouraging features, 
and the extraordinary shipments have been the subject of universal 
remark, the excess over the preceding three months being no less 
than 196,147 tons. We are lai-gely indebted to America for a run 
upon the best brands of No. 1, but Germany and the north of 
Europe have also taken larger quantities than usual — evidently the 
results of a resumption of home ti'ade in the various countries, im- 
mediately consequent on the advent of peace about the Rhine, and 
other contingent political questions of almost equal gravitj'. The 
Continent of Europe has taken more No. 2 than hitherto ; this must 
arise from a new application of that number, or from a scarcity of 
scrap metal abroad. Grei*many, Holland, and Austria have taken 
about 34,000 tons more than in 1870 ; Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, 
and Norway, 4,200; Eussia, 5,700; Spain and Portugal, 1,465; 
Italy, 2,500; United States, 54,200; British America, 26,748; but 
the East Indies, China, Australia, and South America have taken 
2,156 tons less, and France has fallen off about 9,257 tons. The 
shipments coastwise have been unusually heavy — 303,494 tons, 
against 220,984 tons in 1870, or an increase of 82,510 tons. The 
deliveries per railway to England have arisen from 35,174 to 54,027, 
or 18,853 tons in favor of this year. The stocks in Lancashire 
have remained extremely low, and, at one period, sailing ships 
could not be found in sufficient quantity to supply the pressing 
demands from that quarter. 

Storing for purely speculative ])urposes would certainly have 
taken place extensively this year, but for the home and shipping 
demand, which left little iron to spare and kept our makers so 
bus}^ with legitimate deliveries that any quantity that could have 
been put in would simply have reduced what the ironmasters held, 
but could have produced no effect on the market quotations of war- 
rants. Hence the influx and efflux have not been great ; 1,444 tons 
having been stored, and 39,324 tons taken out, leaving 372,725 tons 
on hand, consisting almost entirely of ordinary good merchantable 
brands, as all special lots of No. 1 have been delivered, either for 
export or local purposes, leaving first-class makers free to fix their 
own quotations. As stocks have been reduced to a lower point 
this year, we are likely to have further withdrawal from store, if 
trade is sustained in the present lively ratio. 

The total stocks show a decrease of no less than 175,000 tons — a 
splendid result, and quite beyond what could have been hoped for, 
judging from former experience — thus reducing the balance from 
665,000 tons to 490,000 tons— say 117,275 in makers' hands, and 



National Association of Bar Iron Mamifac hirers. 19 

372,725 in the public stores — about 10,000 tons less having come in 
from the North of England than last year. The Carron Company- 
have made a return, so that the figures are quite correct. 

The Fluctuations have not been important, as speculation was 
dormant for a long while ; quotations have, therefore, responded to 
the advances made by the leading manufacturers of pig and finished 
iron. Warrants advanced from 51s. 3d., with slight reactions at 
intervals, and rallied gradually to 73s., clo3iugat72s. 7Jd. per ton for 
cash terms. 

Shipbuilding has steadily improved for m^any months past, until 
every yard in Scotland is full — principally for steamers of increas- 
ingly large tonnage — 233 iron vessels having been built this year. 
About 195 are at this date in course of construction, and orders are 
at full flow at the recent rise in quotations. The carrying trade of 
Great Britain is enormous and expanding, so that this important 
outlet for iron must remain busy. 

The Trade of the country has the two great elements of labor 
and fuel to contend with, to a degree never known before ; and it is 
not an easy matter to form a decided opinion as to the future. The 
men are now earning excellent wages, but as their demands have 
latterly been conceded so easily, the position is embarrassing — as 
the higher the pay the less they work. Should a strike of colliers 
and miners supervene, it would act against production by stopping 
some furnaces, but, at the same time, it would cause a suspension of 
consumption in foundries and rolling mills, as coal and coke could 
not be had; if, again, puddlers, foundry men, or engineers go out, 
consumption would proportionately cease, and it is impossible to 
know which may happen first, as changes are so rapid. There 
must be a culminating point, but it has been fortunate for our 
country that the great strike which occurred in Pennsylvania this 
year, and the derangement of the labor market in almost all foreign 
parts, have been nearly simultaneous, or a diversion of orders from 
Britain must have ensued. A few more furnaces may be blown in here, 
and perhaps nine or ten at Middlesbrough, representing an increase 
of 150,000 to 200,000 tons in the annual make ; but this is not much 
on the aggregate of about 6,000,000 tons per annum made in all our 
iron districts. Our heaviest customers abroad are, however, ener- 
getically increasing their own productions, as the great rise here 
leaves far more room for competition. America is likely to lower her 
tariff on pig iron still further ; but there are at present no stocks 
there, or on the Continent of Europe, so we enter upon a new year 
with an excellent legitimate trade basis, but replete with uncertain- 



20 



First Quarterly Report of the 



ties. The statistics show that we are 220,000 tons better than last 
year, as stocks increased 45,000 tons in 1870, and decreased 175,000 
tons in 1871. 

The following table gives the latest official returns of the Scotch 
Iron Trade : 



Production, Consiiinptioii, Exports and Stocks of Scotch Pi^ Iron. 

a.5tli l>ECEiUBER, 1870, TO 35tU nECEIWBER, 1871. 

Published by A ulhority of Committee of Glasgow Association of Iran Merchants and Brokers, 





1871. 


1870. 


1871. 




Ton, 


Ton. 


Increase 


Decrease 


Pkoditction. 

From Kelurns from the Makers 


1,160,000 


1,206,000 




46,000 








275,000 
190,000 


298,000 
208,000 




In Malleable Works 




(Quantity of Bar Iron made— 1871, 200,131 ; 
1870,199,353) 




465,000 


506,000 


41,000 


ExPOUTS. 


215,000 


Foreign 


512,479 

303,494 

54,027 


388,842 
230,984 
35,174 

655,000 




Coastwise 




By Rail to England, about 








Stocks. 


870,000 

359,860 
12,865 

117,275 






394,520 
16,185 

254,295 




In Forth and Clyde Canal Co.'s Stores 

At Makers' Works, from Returns received 
from tliera 










490,000 


6.55,000 


175,000 







1871. 



1870. 

54s. 4 

130 

126 

160 

110,000 



Average Price 58s. 1 1 

Average Number of Furnaces in Blast 127 

Number of Furnaces in Blast on 25th December 126 

Number of Furnaces existing and nearly ready 154 

Imports of English Iron by Rail and Water Tons. .100,000 

Of the English Iron imported, about two-thirds were delivered to Foundries, and 
one-tliird to Malleable Works. 

The production of pig iron in 1869 was as follows; In France, 
1,380,000 tons; Prussia, 804,052 tons; Belgium, 863,000 tons. 
Of Sweden, Russia, Austria and Spain, we have no record. 

Everywhere abroad the demand is rapidly increasing ; stocks 
are diminished, and prices advanced ; nor will the utmost activity 
possible during the year supply the demand. 

The prices current in England for pig iron at the close of De- 
cember, 1871, are given in the following table: 



National Association of Bar Iron Mo.mifacturers. 



21 



Prices of V'l^ Inm in Eiig'Iand at close of December, ls"l, as reported 
in The Iron an<l Ooal Trades Review. 





Cleve- 
land. 


North of 
Eoglaad, 
Hematite. 


Scotland. 


West Coast 
Hematites. 




G MB 


Ordi- 
nary. 


Besse- 
mer. 


Cal- 
der. 


Colt- 
ness. 


Garts- 
herrie 


Shotts 


Al- 
mond. 


Glen- 
gar- 
nock. 


Eglin- 
ton. 


Ordi- 
nary. 


Besse- 
mer. 


No. 1 


£s.d. 
3 6 
3 4 6 
3 2 C 
3 1 6 
3 1 
3 6 


£ s.d. 
4 12 6 
4 10 
4 7 6 
4 
4 
4 


£ s.d. 
5 10 
5 7 6 
5 5 


£s.d. 
4 2 


£ s.d. 
4 4 


£ s.d. 
4 4 


£ s.d. 
3 18 


£ s.d. 
3 15 6 


£ s.d. 
3 19 


£ S.d. 
3 13 


£ s.d. 
4 12 6 
4 10 
4 7 6 
4 
4 
4 


£ S.d. 
5 10 


No. 2 


5 7 6 


No 3 


3 8 6 


3 14 6 


3 13 


3 ii 6 

3 14 


3 11 
3 11 


3 11 
3 14 


3 11 6 
3 12 6 


5 5 


No. 4 




Mottled .... 












White 





































THE IRON EXPORTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 

Of the Exports of Iron from Great Britain, the Iron Trade 
Circular gives the following review, and it is particularly to be 
noticed by the American trade and by members of Congress, that 
the English manufticturers build largely in an expected reduction 
of duties at the present session as the best possible advantage 
which could be given to England. 

The Iron Trade Circular says: — The year's work is finished, 
and it must be acknowledged that all connected with the iron 
interests have had a year of unexampled prosperity. A glance 
at the last published returns of the Board of Trade will reveal at 
once who are the receivers of our various goods. It comes out 
that the United States during the eleven months have taken as 
under: 

Pig Iron ,£575,874 

Bar, angle, bolt and rod 481,218 

Railroad Iron 3,662,497 

Hoops, sheets and plates 881,712 

Cast or wrought iron 156,748 

Tin plates 1,918,747 

Steel 557,883 

Lead 204,635 

£7,839,314 
being more than one-half of our iron exportations, and if we are 
to judge by what is taking place in the States at the present 
time, we may be pretty sure of about the extent of the future 
demand. Should the tariff laws come under the consideration of 
the American government, and a still further reduction of duties 
be effected, this will also help to stimulate the demand to a much 
greater extent. The above statement does not include the im- 



22 First Quarterly Rejoort of the 

mense hardware trade done with that country, which would swell 
the total more than half a million. The rest of our exported pro- 
ducts, amounting to £15,398,479, has been distributed among the 
following countries: 

PIG IKON. 

Germany, Holland, France, and other countries £2,503,715 

BAR, ANGLE, BARS, AND ROD IRON. 

Germany, Holland, France, Italy, Turkey, British 

North America, British India, and other countries,. 2,202,236 

RAILROAD IRON. 

Russia, Sweden, Germany, Holland, France, Spain, 
Austria, Egypt, Spanish West Indies, Brazil, Peru, 
Chili, British North America, British India, Aus- 
tralia, and other countries 3,895,252 

HOOPS, SHEETS, AND PLATES. 

Russia, Germany, Holland, France, Spain, British 
North America, British India, Australia, and other 
countries 1,791,592 

CAST AND WROUGHT IRON. 

Russia, Germany, Holland, France, Spain, British 
North America, South Africa, British India, Aus- 
tralia, and other countries 3,127,112 

TIN PLATES. 

France, British North America, Australia, and other 

countries 744,067 

STEEL. 

France and other countries 537,067 

LEAD. 

Russia, France, China, British India, Australia, and 

other countries 597,431 

This vast amount of iron which has been taken by the great 
European countries, as well as by British India and Australia, 
has been put into immediate consumption. Most of it has been 
required for constructive purposes, such as new lines of railway, 
and in various other improvements which have a tendency to 
further develop the resources of new countries. As far as France 
and Germany are concerned, the ravages caused by the great war 
have hardly yet been repaired, and both those countries were 
great importers of our produce during the year. What the 
demand may be for 1872 no one can tell, but let us have a year's 
peace and quietness all through the European family, and we 
need not fear the result, but dwell upon the anticipation of a glo- 
rious future. 



National Association of Bar Iron Mamifacturers. ~'(i 

BELGIUM. 

Great activity in all the works is reported from Belgium, but 
from the official returns during the first six months of 1871, from 
that country, compared with those of 1869 and 1870, it will be 
seen that production has not yet recovered from the effects of the 
war. 

The following are the figures: 

IMPORTATION IN METRICAL TONS, FIRST SIX MONTHS, 1871. 

1S71. 1870. ises. 

Iron Ores 291,457 330,218 257,193 

Pig and t^crap Iron 42,808 51,060 25,861 

Iron Ore, all kinds, exclusive of minerals 40,016 55,897 30,027 

Steel Goods, all kinds 3.907 2,560 2,033 

EXPORTATION IN MKTRICAI, TONS, FIRST SIX MONTHS, 1871. 

1871. 1S70. 1S69. 

Iron Ores 77,754 90,742 74,847 

Pig and Scrap Iron 14,298 3,728 9,236 

Rails 38,435 66,833 01,869 

Wrought Iron Goods, all kinds 106,859 133,851 133,026 

Steel Goods, all kinds 1,904 194 127 

New blast furnaces are being blown in, and rolling mills re- 
turned to production. During the year the strike of the workmen 
of one firm, over 6,000 in number, resulted in a concession of 20 
per cent, advance in wages. 

From the report of the director of mines of Ilainault we learn 
that there were in 1870, 28 blast furnaces active, and 18 idle. 
The furnaces in operation employed 2648 workmen, and smelted 
1,000,775 tons of ore with 443,892 tons of coke. The total yield 
of pig iron was 357,758 tons, of which 34,720 tons were foundry 
pig, and 323,088 tons forge pig. In the rolling mills, 8,002 work- 
men were employed, producing 305,669 tons of iron, with a con- 
sumption of 420,683 tons of pig iron and 600,888 tons of coal. In 
addition, 81 foundries were in operation, employing 1428 work- 
men, consuming 35,827 tons of crude pig iron and 9,850 tons of 
coke, and producing 33,086 tons of castings. The quantity of ore 
raised in 1870 was 86,463 tons, and the value of the pig and 
wrought iron produced during the year, £3,517,786 or $17,0^4,- 
084.23, gold. 

The number of coke furnaces in operation in the entire province 
in 1870 was 2,371, with 765 out of blast. 

In the province of Luxembourg the total amount of iron ore 



24 First Quarterly Report of the 

raised in 1870 was only 40,980 tons, valued on the spot at 251,- 
265 francs. Workmen were employed at 2.38 francs. Large 
deposits of iron ore exist in this district. 

GERMANY. 

In the absence of statistics of production, the iron and steel in- 
dustries in the Rhenish provinces ' and Westphalia are in a satis- 
factory condition, and prices everywhere on the rise. The follow- 
ing particulars of the working plant of the great steel works of 
Krupp at Essen for 1871, are interesting as showing what may be 
accomplished by one manufacturer. The plant consists of 

Melting, annealing and cementing furnaces 514 

Welding, puddling and reheating " 249 

Coke ovens 245 

Miscellaneous ovens, kilns or stoves 120 

Steam engines 256 

Steam boilers 150 

Aggregate liorse-power represented — divided into 1000 H. P., 
1 ; 800, 3 ; 500, 1 ; 200, 1 ; 160, 1 ; 150, 3 ; 120, 1 ; 100, 

3; less than 100 H, P., 242 8,377 

Lathes - 340 

Planing machines 119 

Shaping " 65 

Boring " 114 

Sundry " 120 

Grinding stones 90 

Steam hammers 56 

Aggregate weight— 30 tons, 1 ; 20, 1 ; 10, 1 ; 7^, 1 ; 7, 2 ; 5^, 

3 ; 5, 3 ; less than 5, 46 155 

Number of men employed 7,100 

Product of cast steel , metrical tons 70,000 

The annexation of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany resulted in 
the addition of four iron works, with a total annual production of 
3,000,000 kilogrammes of wrought iron to the product of Germany. 

Valuable deposits of ore have recently been discovered at Geer- 
shubel, in Saxony, one of which alone is estimated to contain 
three and a quarter million tons of ore, equal to 2,000,000 tons of 
metallic iron. 

GREECE. 

As an evidence that the progress in iron is not entirely West- 
ward, considerable attention has of late been paid to developing 
ores known to exist in this country. A Greek company, with 
large capital, has been formed, and erected furnaces at Kurai ia 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 25 

Eubcea, and are now smelting the native oxide found in abun- 
dance in the Island of Seriphos. 

As Greece is without fuel, these furnaces will be worked with 
English coke. Important deposits of ore are found here, which 
show signs of being worked in some pre-historic age. As another 
evidence of iron production at the Antipodes — efforts are being 
made by the New Zealand government to utilize the iron sands of 
that country. 

RUSSIA. 

The great coal and iron district of the South of Russia is being 
developed under British capital. Iron works and coal mines are 
established, and new lines of railroad building to connect them 
with the sea of Azov. The blast furnaces are already in opera- 
tion, producing excellent pig, with a yield of from 47 to 57 per 
cent, metallic iron from the ore. 

The Russian government is making large additions to the steel 
gun works at Aboukhoflf'. Steel blocks weighing 39 tons have 
been successfully cast for guns, to do which 550 men were em- 
ployed at once in pouring the metal, for which the time required 
was 25 minutes, during which space a continuous stream of molten 
steel was kept running. 

Returns from Sweden, Austria and the other iron producing 
regions of Europe have not been obtained. 

In closing this review of foreign production, your Secretary 
cannot fail to call your attention to the British Iron and Steel In- 
stitute as an Association worthy of imitation. To the very able 
review of the progress of the "Iron and Steel Industries in Foreign 
Countries," as prepared by Mr. David Forbes, F. R. S., Foreign 
Secretary of this body, he is largely indebted for the interesting 
statistics herein furnished. The quarterly reports of that body 
form a pamphlet of over 400 pages, including papers from the 
ablest scientific men, and discussions by practical manufacturers 
on all topics of interest to the trade, as well as copious illustra- 
tions. This Association has sent at great expense a commission 
to the United States, to examine an American invention promis- 
ing to cheapen the manufacture of iron, sending with them 
English ore and iron in large quantities. No trouble or expense 
is spared to obtain the latest information on all cognate topics, 
and the greatest harmony prevails. 



26 First Quarterly Meeting of the 

We have been accustomed to boast of American enterprise, but 
we have nothing in this country at all approaching this associa- 
tion in effort or result. Our statistics are meagre, our knowledge 
of new processes superdcial or individual, and with the most 
beneficent supplies of material, both ore and fuel, and^the finest 
field of the world for development, it is but the truth that as a 
body the American iron trade is not keeping pace with the pro- 
gress of the world. It rests with this National Association of W 
Iron Manufacturers to furnish the industries of iron and steel in 
the United States with just such an American Institute as is sup- 
plied to Great Britian by the body referred to, and it is clearly 
within our power to do so. The advantages to all concerned in 
the trade, and to the country at large, of such a work cannot be 
calculated. Any effort to this end will be earnestly engaged in 
by your Secretary. 

MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT IROX IX THE UNITED STATES AND 
FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 

The period since the formation of this Association has not ad- 
mitted of full statistics of this branch of industry, although more 
particularly appertaining to the objects of the Association. As 
this is the first quarterly report of the Association, it is desirable 
to include in it, as matter of record, such facts as have been ob- 
tained. That the production of wrought iron in the United 
States is rapidly on the increase there can be no doubt. 

The following table, as reported by the Secretary of the Ameri- 
can Iron and Steel Association to the New York Tribune, shows 
the annual production from 1864 to 1871 : 

Olherthau Total 

Years. Rails. KaiU. Annual Pn-d. 

1864 S35,369 536,958 872,327 

1865 356,292 500,048 856,340 

1866 430,778 595,311 1,026,089 

1867 462,108 579,838 1,041,946 

1868 506,714 598,286 1,105,000 

1869 593,420 642,420 1,236,006 

1870 620,000 710,000 1,330,000 

The production of 1871, although not yet fully returned to your 
Secretary, will probably be fully ten per cent, greater than that 
of 1870, from the increased activity of the last six months, or a 
total of 1,463,000 tons, including rails. The product of the roll- 



National Association of Bar Iron Manv/aciurers. 27 

ing mills of the country was divided in 1866, (since which the 
Iron and Steel Association has no full figures), and formed a tota:l 
product of 595,311 tons, as follows : 



Tons. 



Tons 



Sheet 33,96!» 

Hoop 16,459 

Axle and other 49,550 



Bar and Rod 276,192 

Nails and Spikes 197,625 

Plate 71,507 

This production was locally distributed as follows: 

Tons. Tons. 

All New England 87,571 Maryland 23,603 

New York 70,197 West Virginia 24,395 

New Jersey 48,616 Ohio 76,053 

Pennsylvania 243,921 , All others 20,955 

The number of rolling mills in the United States is nearly COO ; 
of which many are strictly rail mills, and the others engao-ed in 
the various branches appertaining to rolling mill industry. 

The returns received from members of this Association, although 
« not all in, give the following interesting statistics: 

Total product for 1871, in tons of 2,000 lbs 774,105 

Bar Iron 195,873 tons. 

Hoop Iron 15,291 " 

Plate Iron... 32,712 " 

Sheet Iron 18,390 " 

Rails, Iron 154,815 " 

All other iron 160,315 " 

Number of hands employed 18,576 

Gross amount of wages paid yearly $9,918,363 

Several of the mills reporting represent over one million dol- 
lars, one over two millions, and one four million dollars capital. 

From the above return it will be seen that the product of com- 
paratively few mills fully justifies the estimated yield for 1871 of 
all the rolling mills of the country. The production of wrought 
iron for 1871 was somewhat interfered with by the coal strike in 
Pennsylvania, but not to so marked an extent as that of pig iron. 
Since the close of that strike, the increased demand, partially 
caused by scarcity throughout the world, has resulted in most of 
the mills being run on full time, with no accumulation of stock. 
Great benefits have already resulted to the trade from the forma- 
tion of this and kindred associations during the year 1871. Pre- 
vious to that year the trade east of the Alleghanies had no associa- 
tion whatever, and was full of jealousies and misunderstandino-s 
always attendant upon uninformed competition. The Eastern 



28 First Quarterly Meeting of the 

Iron Masters' Association, comprising the mills east of the Alle- 
ghanies, and the Western Association, including mills west of 
the Alleghanies, formed the present National Association of Bar 
Iron Manufacturers in September, 1871, not with a view of regu- 
lating prices— a subject strictly confined to the local associations — 
but, as the constitution provides, for the purpose of advancing the 
interests of the trade, harmonizing difficulties between the two 
sections, obtaining statistics of the production of iron throughout 
the world, and of improving and advancing the interests of the 
industry. The first meeting resulted in direct benefits to all con- 
cerned, by enabling a comparison of customs in different sections, 
mutual acquaintance, and the determination of many previously 
vexed questions. The Eastern Association, in October, adopted a 
schedule of prices to be charged on extra sizes and lengths of 
iron, subject to the local base price, a matter which was previously 
the cause of much confusion and trouble, owing to the absence of 
any system. 

The opportunities afforded the National Association of im- 
proving the condition of the manufacture of iron are great, and it 
is hoped and believed will be fully improved. The Association 
has met with favor, and applications for membership are constant, 
leaving little doubt that before the close of the first year it will 
include, if so desired, all mills that roll iron in the country. The 
design is to make this Association thoroughly and practically a 
working body, and not a political, speculative, or mutual admi- 
ration society, as such national trade associations are too apt to 
become. 

The following statistics of the rolling mill industry in the various 
States only include such facts as could be obtained from reports 
and are not offered as a general review of the production, that 
as yet, with the facilities at command, being impossible. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

General activity is to be noted among all the mills of Pennsyl- 
vania, and extensive improvements. Several large works have 
been erected, or are now building in various parts of the State, 
including furnaces and Bessemer works. In Pittsburgh and 
vicinity the greatest activity is noticeable, and a general spirit of 
enterprise and prosperity is evident. The mills exclusively en 



National Association of Bar Iron Manvfacturers. 29 

gaged in making bar and hoop iron in and about Pittsburgh in- 
clude 609 puddling furnaces. Those of the Shenango Valley, at 
Greenville, Sharon, Wheatland and New Castle, 135 puddling 
furnaces. The rail mills are not included in this number, nor are 
the nail works, plate and sheet mills. The production of the R. 
R. Company's rolling mill at Reading was as follows: 

The production of rails at the company's rolling mill during the 
year amounted to 19,113 tons, at a cost of $64.69 per ton — includ- 
ing in the cost the old rails re-rolled at an estimated value of 
$45.03 per ton. 

The following table shows the product of the mill for each year 
since its erection, with the number of tons of each year's produc- 
tion since removed from the track .• 

ISPS. 18)9. 1870. 1871. Total. 

Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 

Product 8,971 17,037 17,557 19,113 63,678 

Worn out in 1868 5 5 

Worn out iu 1869 175 2^ 177^ 

Worn out in 1870 904 164^ 1^ 1,070 

Worn out in 1871 1,418 614 240 3^ 2,275^ 

Total worn out 2,503 780^ 241^ 3^ 3,527f 

Percent 37.8 4.6 1.4 .018 5.6 

From this statement it will be seen that of the 62,678 tons of 
rails rolled by the company and laid in the track during the last 
four years, but 5.6 per cent, have yet been worn out. Of the pro- 
duction of 1868, 27.8 per cent, have been removed up to this time, 
showing that 72.2 per cent, of the first year's manufacture are 
still in use, although a tonnage of over 20,000,000 has been moved 
over them at speeds varying from 10 to 40 miles an hour. 

OHIO. 

The industry is increasing rapidly, and is generally busy. At 
Columbus a large works has been erected and Cleveland now con- 
tains 14 rolling mills, rolling iron and steel, with 200 puddling 
furnaces, capable of producing 400 tons finished iron per day. 

At Ironton improvements are making. In the Mahoning Val- 
ley there are six mills with 149 puddling furnaces. At Youngs- 
town one works consumes a product of 23,500 tons of pig iron per 
annum, made on the spot, in the manufacture of merchant iron, 
plate, sheet, nails and spikes. At Cleveland the plant of the 
largest works consists of 

1 steel works, cost, $240,000. 



30 First Quarterly Meeting of the 

1 steel rail mill, capacity, 50 tons per day. 
1 Booth rail mill " 50 " " 
1 iron rail mill '• 60 " " 

1 bar iron mill " 20 " " 

1 wire rod mill " ^ u a 

1 wire drawing mill " 50 '' " 

Number of hands employed, 1200; average yearly wages, 
$800,000. 

INDIANA, 

The works at New Albany, Terre Haute, Greencastle, and 
Indianapolis are all active, with a large product of bars, rails and 
nails. Greencastle, one works, with a daily consumption of 10 
tons pig iron and 35 tons coal, has a product of 175 kegs nails and 
spikes per day, runs 18 nail machines and eight puddling furnaces. 

At Terre Haute, one works has a product of 250 kegs nails and 
spikes, with 28 nail machines and six puddling furnaces, and con- 
sumes 13 tons pig iron, two tons scrap, 30 tons block and 10 tons 
slack coal per day. Two large mills for the production of muck 
bar only are projected in Clay County, Indiana. 

ILLINOIS. 

The progress made here in both raw and manufactured iron is 
highly gratifying, and is fair evidence of what may be expected 
from the West under a protective tariff. Fortunately, the mills 
of Chicago escaped destruction by the fire of 1871, and are in 
active production. One of these works has a capacity of 26,000 
tons of pig iron and 38,000 tons of rails, with a consumption of 
100,000 tons of coal and 50,000 tons of coke, employing 1200 
hands, who are paid $750,000 per annum. 

At Joliet, there is a works with a product of 25,000 tons of 
rails with a consumption of 45,000 tons of coal per annum. The 
coal used by this company is mined near the works, 

MICHIGAN. 

Mills are located at Wyandotte and at Marquette, Lake Supe- 
rior. The former has furnaces, also, with a product of 8,000 tons 
pig ; and in the rolling mill, of rails, 9,000 tons; plate, 2,000 tons j 
merchant bar, 2,000, with an average amount of yearly wages of 
$400,000. 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 31 

WISCONSIN. 

The only rolling mill as yet of Wisconsin is at Milwaukee, 
which has two furnaces and a rail mill, with a product of 30,000 
tons of rails in 1871. These works consumed 75,000 tons of ore, 
50,000 tons bituminous and 25,000 tons, anthracite coal, 15,000 
tons coke and 10,000 tons limestone, employs 1200 hands, and 
pays in wages $660,000. 

The following facts show more clearly than any other compari- 
son the progress of the iron industry in the Northwest under a 
moderately protective tariff during the last decade: 

The census of 1860 gives a total of 76 blast furnaces located in 
Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin and Kentucky, and 
24 rail, bar, sheet and boiler plate mills, with a capital of $3,370,- 
000, employing 2,804 hands, at a cost of $1,094,160, and producing 
85,273 tons, of which 40,000 tons were rails. In 1870, three 
works alone in these States have invested more than the whole 
capital of I860, employ 2,800 hands, at a cost of $1,556,000 in 
wages, and produce 100,000 tons of rails, 90,000 tons of pig, and 
10,000 tons bar and plate iron. The three great iron States of the 
Northwest, Michigan. Wisconsin and Missouri, with a population 
of 2,700,000 souls in 1860, had but 13 furnaces, yielding 34,200 
tons of iron. Now, two only of the furnaces built since produce 
more iron per annum than the total product of these three States 
under free trade. 

MISSOURI. 

In addition to the 15 furnaces mentioned in the report of pig iron 
production, Missouri has three rolling mills, all located at and near 
St. Louis. The oldest of these has a capacity of 10,000 tons mer- 
chant iron; another, built in 1870, a capacity of 6,000 tons; and 
the latest, a rail mill, of 45,000 tons of rails per annum. The lat- 
ter has 29 double puddling furnaces — equal to 40 single — and is 
the largest mill west of the Alleghanies. A new blast furnace, 
larger than any now in the United States, will be finished here in 
1872. This furnace stands on 12 columns 13 feet high, and will 
be 100 feet in height, and of 25 feet diameter inside boshes, with 
five times the cubical contents of any furnace in Carondelet; and 
will be driven by hot blast, heated to 1600 degrees, in fire-brick 
stoves, cased in wrought iron. 



32 First Quarterly Meeting of tlie 

In Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama new works are projected 
and new furnace enterprises in progress. 

The vast deposits of valuable ore in this section invite the at- 
tention of iron masters. In North Carolina vast deposits of ore 
have been found, rivaling in purity the famous ores of Sweden, 
with both wood and mineral fuel abundant and in close proximity. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Furnaces and rolling mills are building and projected in Nebras- 
ka and Wyoming under the auspices of the Union PaciiiG Railroad 
Company. Large iron and steel works are also projected by the 
Northern Pacific Railroad on the line of its road, the exact site 
not yet determined. Furnaces and rolling mills will also be 
shortly erected at Duluth, in Minnesota. There are also numer- 
ous other works projected, of which we have only report, among 
which is to be classed an English enterprise in Virginia, which 
will employ $10,000,000 capital and include furnaces, bar and rail 
mills. 

EAIL PRODUCTION. 

The rail trade in 1871 has been active, and production pushed 
to its limit. The estimated make of American rails is between 
700,000 and 800,000 tons. As we assumed to build 7,000 miles 
of new road annually, and have 50,000 miles of road requiring 
380,000 tons of new rails to keep up their condition, we require 
over 1,000,000 tons of rails per annum. Nearly half of this we 
imported from England this year. If Congress would establish 
the present tariff" until 1882, this importation of half a million tons 
would be produced in the United States before 1875. 

Capital only abstains from iron because of the uncertainty of 
tariff" legislation, of which this Association has ample statistics as 
having prevented the establishment of works during the past three 
years, which if erected would have added 33 per cent, to the pres- 
ent production of pig and wrought iron in the United Sates. 

PLATE PRODUCTION. 

The production of plate iron has been large during 1871, and 
at paying prices, after a long period of depression. The activity 
is due principally to the increase of iron ship building, not only 
on the Atlantic coast, but on the Lakes, and for the Western river 
trade. 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 33 

Prices of plate iron have averaged for the year well above 
those of 1870, and promise improvement. As this branch of the 
production of wrought iron is highly important, and likely to be 
soon more so, a reference to it is necessary. The statistics are 
encouraginor. 

At Philadelphia one firm is now engaged in four first-class 
steamships, of American iron, for a new trans- Atlantic line, and 
launched lately the finest iron steamship built in the United 
States for coastwise trade, and the first built with compound 
engines. Four more ocean steamers are projected, and the orders 
for coastwise, river, ferry boat and tug work are so numerous that 
all the iron shipbuilding firms are crowded. At Chester, Pa., 
several large size iron propellers are in hand, and at Wilmington, 
Del., a variety of this work is progressing. The amount of new 
and old work done in 1871 surpasses that of any year since the 
war, and points to the fact that iron shipbuilding must be the 
means, and the only one of rescuing our merchant marine, and 
that this can be done under the existing tariff without any draw- 
backs on foreign material by American iron manufacturers, if Con- 
gress will but establish the present rates as certain for a few years. 

A superintendent of a leading iron shipbuilding works, formerly 
employed on the Clyde, states that we have all the facilities for 
the work here, and can now build better ships than Clyde built 
for very nearly the same money. And, further, that in the mat- 
ter of labor-saving machinery for construction we already far sur- 
pass the best appointed shops of Glasgow. Iron vessels have been 
built in 1871 at Green Point, New York, at Buffalo, at Pittsburgh, 
for river service, and elsewhere. 

At Buffalo two revenue cutters, 141 feet lonar and 23 feet beam 
have been built in 1871. These are for sea service, and go to 
New York via Welland Canal and St. Lawrence River. One of 
these has the Fowler propeller, which obviates the use of a rudder. 
Five iron propellers for Lake trade have also been built here 
during the season, and two new iron keels lately laid down. 

Since 1860 there have been built in Buffalo eleven iron sail and 
side-wheel or screw steamers, representing a tonnage of 3547 tons, 
and the first one built is still runninc? in as o^ood a condition as 
when launched. 



34 First Quarterly Report of the 

An iron shipyard has lately been established at Wyandotte, 
Michigan, and a propeller for lake trade is building. 

The importance of this subject should not escape the Associa- 
tion. 

BLOOM PRODUCTION 

has been active, and best flange and sheet blooms are in demand 
at favorable prices. The ore blooms of Champlain have not, 
however, borne a satisfactory margin to makers, prices being $52 
to $55 per ton f o. b. at Troy. 

BESSEMER STEEL PRODUCTION. 

Although this industry can scarcely be included in the produc- 
tion of wrought iron, it is of the first importance, and its progress 
to be noted. The rapid increase in this industry is astonishing. 
At Cleveland there are Bessemer works, with two converters ; at 
Chicago, two works, one built at a cost of $500,000, capacity one 
hundred tons a day, and one building, to have the same capacity. 
At Joliet two converters, capacity 20,000 tons of ingots per annum, 
and at Springfield one building, capacity 100 tons per day. Works 
are projected at St. Louis, Milwaukee and Omaha, and have been 
built at Johnstown, Chester and Bethlehem, Pa. The Bethlehem 
Works, now the largest Bessemer plant in the world, consists of 
eight five ton converters, with a capacity of 300 tons ingots per day. 

The Pennsylvania Steel Company, at Harrisburg, is making 
14,000 tons steel rails per annum, and the Rensselaer Works, at 
Troy, 16,400 tons, both being fully occupied. Indeed, in view of 
demand, it would be difficult to place an order for 10,000 tons 
Bessemer rails anywhere in the world at the present time. 

In closing this report of the production of wrought iron in the 
United States, credit for much of the interesting statistics of the 
Northwest is due to Mr. F. B. Norton, of Wisconsin, who has 
devoted much time and energy to the interests of that section. 

Tables are hereto appended containing the, prices of American 
anthracite, bituminous, and charcoal pig iron, Scotch pig, all sizes 
bar, rod, hoop, sheet, rails, nails, old rails and scrap iron, for the 
first week of each month in 1871, at New York, Philadelphia, 
Boston, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis and San Fran- 
cisco, which have been prepared by your Secretary from the mar- 
ket reports of these cities in the New York Iron Age, now accepted 
authority on such subjects in the trade. Also full tables of the 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 35 

imports and exports of the United States and Great Britian, and 
the valuable tabular statement prepared in 1871 by Mr. Wm. E. 
S. Baker, treasurer of this Association, as Secretary of the Eastern 
Iron Association, showing the cost of manufacturing pig and bar 
iron in Central Pennsylvania for each year from 1850 to 1870 
inclusive. According to this table, the cost per ton of pig iron 
was $14.25 in 1850, rose gradually to $18.87 in 1855, declined to 
$16.11 in 1862, reached its highest point of $32.21 in 1865, and in 
May, 1871, was $29.65. ^ 

Bar iron commenced at a cost of $-±6.57 in 1852, rose to $76.40' 
in 1855, fell to $50.00 in 1859, reached itshighest point of $127.11 
in 1865, and was in May, 1871, $73.62. 

PRODUCTION OF WROUGHT IROX IN ENGLAND. 

There are 265 iron mills and forges in England, with a total of 
7724 puddling furnaces, distributed as follows: 

No. of 
Location. Puddling Furnaces. 

North of England 1,802 

Northwest of England 75 

Yorkshire, West Riding 309 

Yorkshire, South 298 

Derbj'shire 126 

South Staffordshire ;2,053 

North Staffordshire 444 

Shropshire 206 

Lancashire 357 

Somersetshire 17 

North Wales 60 

South Wales and Monmouth 1,365 

Scotland 553 

Total 7,724 

Some idea of the production of wrought iron in England may 
be formed from the above, and from the fact that the exports of 
wrought iron, including rails from Great Britian for the first six 
months of 1871, were as follows: Bar, angle, bolt and rod, total, 
158,257 tons ; to the United States 30,653 tons. Hoops, sheets^ 
boiler plates, total, 87,644 tons; to the United States 19,516 tons. 
Railroad, all sorts, total, 476,191 tons; to the United States 244,- 
784 tons. Total wrought iron to all countries, 722,012 tons ; to 
the United States 294,938 tons. Doubling this for the year 
would give a total export of wrought iron for 1871 from Great 



36 First Quarterly Report of the 

Britaia of 1,444,024 tons, of which the United States took 589,- 
876 tons. 

LABOR. 

The condition of labor throughout the world has not varied 
greatly during 1871, but the rates of wages have been materially 
advanced, especially in England and on the Continent. In Eng- 
land, a strike was commenced early in the year among the engi- 
neers of the north country, which lasted until October, and culmi- 
nated in a triumpk not only for the branch engaged, but resulted 
in the same concessions being made throughout the United King- 
dom, and in nearly all trades. The claim made was for a nine hour 
day, with no reduction of wages. During the progress of the 
strike, workmen were imported from Belgium, which gave rise to 
disturbances and riots. A general nine hour league was formed, 
which supported the families of the strikers, amounting to many 
thousands. After a protracted struggle, a compromise was made 
on 54 hours per week after January 1st, 1872, time to be counted 
by the day, half day or quarter day, as heretofore ; the men to 
work over time when required to do so, and such over time in 
excess of 54 hours per week to be paid extra. No reduction 
should be made, and the agreement to be binding for 12 months. 
At this period, a board of arbitration and conciliation was formed 
in the North of England, and adopted some important changes, 
the most notable of which was a sliding scale, in which wages 
should bear a proportionate increase or decrease to the prices of 
finished iron, the same to be periodically ascertained by an inde- 
pendent accountant, appointed by the board. This reform has 
been apparently confined to the region first adopted, since strikes 
have only been prevented by prompt concessions to the demands 
of the trades unions elsewhere. These advances have occurred 
among puddlers and mill men, iron ship builders, and also, very 
generally among coal miners, malleable iron workers, tool grinders 
and steel melters at Shefl&eld. Still further trouble is anticipated 
as with marked advance in prices of material and finished work, 
and the active demand, the working classes are determined to 
shA,re the profit. 

On the Continent the labor troubles have been equally serious. 
In Belgium, strikes have been general during the latter pare of 
the year, resulting in an advance of wages of 25 per cent. In Ger- 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 37 

many, dissatisfaction lias been prevalent, the close of the war being 
followed by a series of strikes in all trades, resulting in a marked 
advance in wages. A congress of workingmen was held at Berlin, 
in November, having for its object the consolidation of all trades 
imions into one, which should be sufficiently powerful to control 
capital. The Imperial government of Germany, through Count 
Bismark, has entertained a measure threatening to further interfere 
with production, viz.: a project of a law which shall divide the 
receipts of every works, after paying a certain proportion to capi- 
tal and plant, among all concerned. In France, production en- 
tirely suspended by the war, and prevented by the subsequent 
domestic troubles has not revived, nor is this possible, until some 
years of peace shall have passed. In the less important iron pro- 
ducing countries the difficulties with labor have been equally 
great, and it is probably a fair estimate that wages have been 
advanced fully 25 per cent, during 1871,over the rates of 1869-70. 

THE INTERNATIONAL. 

Prominently worthy of notice in this connection is the associa- 
tion known as the International, a body apparently destined for a 
time to have a powerful influence on the industries, if not upon, 
the whole business of the world. This society, whether looked 
upon as an agrarian body of revolutionists, or a national aggre- 
gation of the masses in the struggle to relieve themselves of the 
burdens of want and oppression, has already demonstrated a 
marked influence upon labor, politics, and even production in 
Europe. Its wonderful growth and the charms of secrecy have 
attracted to it the radicals of all classes. But its chief attraction 
is in that it has taught the masses the possibilities they may ac- 
complish. It gives an effect, the effect of aggregation to their 
demands for their rights, and even to their aspirations. It devel- 
ops a new idea to the masses of Europe ; that they can positively 
compel a regard of them as individuals, not machines. And a 
portion of this is already accomplished. Naturally the Associa- 
tion takes in each country its form from the peculiarities of the 
people. In England it shapes itself under such leaders as Brad- 
laugh and Odger, for a dissolution of the land tenure system ; an 
overthrow of existing institutions ; a division of the accumulations 
of the few to the necessities of the manv. In France it follows 



38 First Quarterly Report of the 

and sustains the natural bent of the masses in a communistic 
movement, and surpasses the most radical reforms of socialism in 
its denunciation of property as robbery-, or is typified by such 
leaders as Cluseret or Rossel. 

In Germany it has only made its influence secretly felt, but in 
Italy a plot for political revolution shows its presence. In Spain 
it controls the industries, and at last, crossing the Atlantic, it 
shows itself in the United States under a milder type, as propor- 
tionate to the condition of things, but none the less effective, pro- 
claiming a common brotherhood of industries, and obtaining a 
recognition from the nation in a commission to investigate the 
condition of labor. It is led by able men, has thoroughly organ- 
ized means of information and extension, is estimated to number 
5,000,000 adherents in Europe; and in all its movements, whether 
directing a labor strike, organizing a revolution, or obtaining a 
foothold in a Republican Congress, invariably accomplishes some 
portion of each undertaking engaged in. For the future, its 
course will probably be similar to that of all agrarian movements. 
Rapid success will produce immoderate zeal, which will culminate 
in the moral lunacy of the association, and its body corporate will 
sink in power until the masses will abandon it for some fresh 
scheme of improving their condition. As a powerful and danger- 
ous enemy to existing institutions, and as most likely to be first 
felt in unsettling production through labor, it is a study for the 
manufacturer. 

LABOR TROUBLES IN THE UNITED STATES, 

In the United States, the labor movement of most moment 
during the year was the great coal strike in Pennsylvania, which 
lasted for months, interrupted production, and even commerce, 
throughout the whole North and East, was the cause of great 
suffering to innocent parties not directly connected with coal pro- 
duction, was the subject of Legislative and even Congressional 
action, and ended without benefit to any one. Upon the anthra- 
cite iron interest in Eastern Pennsylvania, its effect was to tempo- 
rarily suspend production in many places, but ultimately to 
advance prices of iron, curtailing the yield of pig iron at least 
250,000 tons. A settlement was effected upon a basis which has 
since been maintained, and bids fair to continue, but which has 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 89 

since worked injury to the interest by increasing too greatly the 
production of coal. If in nothing else, it has changed the policy 
of furnace companies as to the supplies of fuel, and it is doubtful 
if ever as prolonged a strike would again interfere with iron pro- 
duction to such an extent. 

In the iron trade there have been local strikes, principally of 
puddlers, which have been of greater or less proportions, but 
were mostly settled without trouble. A sliding scale basis of 
wages now generally rules throughout the East, and no dissatis- 
faction exists of any moment. Wages are high, and labor is con- 
tented. A vastly different state of things would, however, follow 
the proposed reduction of the tariff duties on foreign iron. 

The number of operatives employed in the production of raw 
and manufactured iron is- given as follows, viz : 

Preparing ore and fuel , 42,000 

Preparing fuel for rolling mills 25,000 

Working at blast furnaces 12,500 

Working in rolling mills 58,000 

Working at forges and bloomeries 2,500 

Total directly engaged in producing iron 140,000 

Engaged in manufacturing articles of iron 800,000 

Total 940,000 

This is without taking into consideration the large numbers 
engaged in transporting ores and finished iron. The value of 
this labor, if put at only |2 per day, which would certainly be far 
below the average, where such an amount of skilled labor is re- 
quired, would be $1,880,000 per day, or nearly $600,000,000 for 
the three hundred days of the working year. 

The value of the product is placed at $9,000,000, thus: 

Product of pig iron $ 75,000,000 

Product of rolling mills and forges 138,000,000 

Value of articles manufactured of iron 687,000,000 

Total value of iron for the year $900,000,000 

As labor bears proportion to this value in raw iron of 96 per 
cent., and almost as great in some of the manufactures, the im- 
portance of the labor question, and the effect upon the country of 
any legislation which shall restrict or depress production is at 
once apparent. The comparative condition of labor in this and 
other countries is here given. 



40 



First Quarterly Report of the 



COMPARISON OF LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE. 

That the tariff is really the workingman' s question, is apparent 
from the following comparative table of wages per day in a 
•western mill in 1871, and in England gold being taken at 112. 



OPERATIVE. 


United States. 
Currency. Gold. 


England. 


Excess 
in U. S. Gold. 


Am. Gold. 


Puddlers 


$5 02 
2 51 
S 00 
5 99 
2 25 

2 75 

3 12 
3 8S 
1 29 


$4 48 
2 24 
7 14 
5 35 
2 01 
2 45 

2 78 

3 46 
1 15 


«1 46 
75 
2 00 
2 08 
1 00 
1 00 
1 25 
1 25 
42 


$3 02 or 207 'p 




1 49 or 199 f« 


Rollers 


5 14 or 2,57 'J, 
3 27 or 157 <* 




1 01 or 101 ^ 


( /Rtchers 


1 45 or 145 ^ 




1 53 or 122 j^ 




2 21 or 177 'i 




73 or 174 ^ 







Thus wages of those receiving highest, lowest, and average 
rates are from 2 to 3| times in gold those paid in England. The- 
few lads, less than 16 to 18 in American mills — and there are 10 
boys in British mills to one in an American — earn as much as 
many skilled English workmen after seven years' service. 
Eighteen of the workmen in a Western mill, in 1869, paid 
income tax to the government, thus showing their earnings ex- 
ceeded $1000 per annum. 

The comparison of wages is even more striking, if given by the 
ton, than by the day. Thus, puddlers received, in the Western 
mill quoted, $6 per ton, gold, against $2.37, the average price in 
England, and this gain to the foreign manufacturer of $3.63 per 
ton on this single item, representing less than one-third the cost 
of wages per ton, is more than many of our manufacturers have 
asked as their profit on a ton of finished iron. 

The average wages, at the close of 1871, in the item of puddling 
on the Atlantic coast of the United States and in England were : 
United States currency, $6.75 ; gold, $5.18; gold at 110; Eng- 
land, gold, $2.42; excess in the United States, $2.76 ; and this 
after an advance in England of 20 to 25 per cent, in the rate of 
wages during the year. 

The London Engineer gives the price of making a ton of rails 
in the North of England as £■! ]8s, or $9.16, gold, or less than 
the wages of a man and a boy for a day in our mills. It is with 
iron made under such a system, and with more abundant and 
cheaper capital, that you are asked to compete on equal terms. 
Reduce the present tariff 25 per cent., and it might as well be 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 41 

abolished, for British iron masters could then close all our mills 
while selling their iron at a profit. 

In Mr. A. S. Hewitt's report, the average rate of wages per day 
in England for all kinds in iron works is 84 cents, and in no part 
of England does it exceed 96 cents, the average being less by 30 
cents per day than boys receive in our American mills. The 
comparative rates of wages to the value of product may be seen 
from the fact that here the wages of a skilled workman for 300 
days, if paid in rails, would command 30 tons of the best rails 
manufactured, and in England 12\ tons. In Wales, women and 
children are also extensively employed in the works, earning 
from 20 to 30 cents a day. It is conceded that if these women 
and children are withdrawn, it would not be possible to produce 
iron, except at a considerable advance on present cost. This is 
the "natural level" to which we are told American industry 
should be left to gravitate. 

CONDITION OF WORKINGMEN THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. 

The condition of the workingmen throughout the world, both 
as to rates of wages and cost of subsistence, but particularly as to 
character of dwellings and cost of same, have lately been the sub- 
ject of exhaustive inquiry by the British government through its 
foreign office. The result has been a return from the British con- 
sular service of the world, giving in detail the condition of the 
labor of each country. These returns, collected into a work of 
over 1000 pages, have been published by the British government, 
with a view of checking the emigration of skilled labor, and is an 
effort to demonstrate the superior condition of the English work 
ingman at home over that of the English emigrant abroad. 

The points of this report have been lately summarized in an 
able paper, in the Reveu des Deux Mondes, of Paris, for December, 
from which the leading items are here translated. 

The wages and manner of living in the East, as in Turkey, 
where it is at the lowest ebb, are contrasted seriatim with those 
of Austria, Kussia, Germany, Belgium, Holland and Sweden, and 
compared with those of England. The review shows that while 
the cost of subsistence is as high throughout Europe as in 
England, the wages of operatives are less than one-fourth on the 
average, and this is adduced as an evidence of the advance made 
in Ensrland. 



42 First Quarterly Report of the 

But it is in the comparison between England and the United 
States that the most unfair statements are made. For instance, 
while admitting the greater amount of wages paid here, their pur- 
chasing power is denied, not taking into account the fact that the 
emigrant from England to America, is lifted from a manner of living 
but one remove above the workhouse to a plane where he enjoys 
the benefits of abundant food, roomy lodging, free education, and 
liberal laws. Notably false and characteristic is the statement 
that the emigrant with a family can scarcely support them here, 
" as there are few industries where women can be employed in 
the United States outside of domestic service, and none where 
children can be made to earn their support; besides, in some of 
the States, education is compulsory " — the last a wrong which we 
trust they may continue to complain of! Further, as a drawback 
to the prosperity of labor here, it is instanced that although many 
workmen by thrift do own their own houses, they have to pay a 
heavier rent than in England in consequence of taxes ! 

The actual condition of the operatives in some of our Western 
mills, taken as an American type, shows that out of 500 opera- 
tives, one-half own their own homes, and in another case, that out 
of 1200 hands in a locality where land commands fabulous prices, 
and the works are only three miles from the heart of the city, one- 
third own their own homes, and another third have purchased 
lots, on which partial payments have been made. The same 
policy is pursued generally by all the Northwestern mills, and is 
being gradually adopted by the Eastern, the plan of domiciling 
labor around the industry being everywhere admitted as wise. 

In Philadelphia, through the agency of the Building Associa- 
tions, the same thing exists to even a greater extent, and had we 
the statistics at hand, the proportion cf working people owning 
their homes in fee would astonish the English manufacturer. 

INFLUEXCE OF INDUSTRY ON AGRICULTURE. 

Another effect of the establishment of industries has been the 
mfluence reflected on agriculture. It was not until the present 
tariff and the premium on gold had given to our manufacturers 
a chance to establish themselves, that a ton of rails could be 
bought in Chicago for 40 bushels of wheat ; and it has been well 
said that if our tarifi:" be lowered to the extent the revenue 



National Association of Bar Iron Manufacturers. 43 

reformers desire, the farmers of this generation will not again see 
the day when they can make so favorable an exchange at their 
doors. Changes of tariff have no more to do with the amount of 
provisions England takes of us than changes of the moon. It is 
a question between our farmers and England, the question of ex- 
portation. It is a question between ourselves to supply the 
farmers with a home market for their product, by developing our 
mineral wealth and establishing industries. It is claimed that the 
duty on foreign manufactures is a needless profit to the American 
manufacturer, and under this belief it is gravely stated our iron 
manufacturers are making enormous profits. American iron 
manufacturers have lower profits than any similar branch of 
industry in the world. Thus when rails were selling at $80 in 
the West, $5 per ton was the profit, and the remaining |75 was 
principally divided among millmen, miners and farmers. Against 
this, the British manufacturer, in our last free trade period, out 
of $80 gold, took more than $20 as his share. Thus a single 
British iron manufacturer gained in the year 1844, £1,200,000, 
or nearly $6,000,000, which was more than all the ironmasters of 
the United States made in the 20 years from 1830 to 1850. The 
facts are that our iron manufacturers earn a smaller profit than 
any other industry, and are content with less than the British, 
and while paying the highest wages in the world, furnish the 
nation with better iron than England could, even if there were no 
duties. As a class, no trade has so generally supported liberal 
wages to workinsjmen as the iron trade of the United States. If 
there be monopolists in the iron manufacture, it is among the 
puddlers and rollers who demand three times the wages received 
in England ; but even this, owing to the liberal spirit of indus- 
trial partnerships, is dying out. The history of labor here and 
abroad, as evidenced from the typical Western mills given, shows 
that we are making better iron and cheaper iron under protection, 
than England could sell us under free trade. Further, that we 
are improving the condition and elevating the character of the 
masses, that few if any grievances exist with labor, but that the 
foremost to aid in any investigation, such as proposed before 
Congress, will be the American iron manufacturers, because satis- 
fied that the report of such a commission must in truth show the 
advancement made under protection in such a strong light as to 
prove the very best argument against future free trade heresies. 



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COMPARATIVE TABLE, 



Showiug the ditference iu prices of Pig and Manufactured Iron, :is quoted in 
New Yorli for the first week of 1869, 1870 and 1871. 



PIG IKON. 

American, No. 1 Extra . 

No. 2 " 

No. 2 

Charcoal 

Gartsherrie 

Coltness 

"Glengarnock 

Eglinton 

BAR IRON. 

Refined 

RAILS. 

Welsh (gold) 

America n 

Old Rails (gold) 

SCRAP IKON. 

Wrought Scrap, No. 1 

BAR IRON FROM STORK— DIS. 5 i 

Ketined Iron— 

% a 2 inches, round and 
square. 1 « (i inches wide by 
%ainch tliick 

1 a 6 inclies wide bv !4 smd 
5-16 thick 

21^ round and square 

3|4 and 33^ round and square 

3^ and 4 round and square. 

SHEET IRON. 

Common Singles 

•' ■" Doubles 

Common Trebles 

Russia (gold) 



1869. 

PER TON. 

$40 00 a 40 CO 
37 GO o 30 00 
35 00 a 36 00 
48 00 a 65 00 
42 50 a 43 00 
42 00 a 44 00 

40 00 a 41 00 

41 a 

87 50 a 94 00 

54 00 a 55 00 

76 00 a 78 00 



42 50 a 



100 00 



105 00 
110 00 
120 00 
Per lb. 

5}i 
5% 
7 
12 



1870. 

PER TON 

.$35 00 a 

31 00 a 

35 00 a 

40 00 a 60 00 
a 38 00 
a 38 00 

33 50 a 34 00 

32 50 a 33 00 

82 50 a 

56 00 a 57 00 
75 00 a 77 00 

36 00 a 

.35 00 a 



95 00 



100 Oo 
105 00 
115 00 
JPer lb. 

5 a 5M 



1871. 

PER TON. 

#30 00 a 
29 00 a 
26 00 a 27 00 
40 00 a .55 01) 

32 00 a 33 00 



75 00 a 77 50 

55 50 a 56 50 
68 00 a 70 00 

39 00 a 40 00 

40 00 
net. 



75 00 
80 00 



Per lb. 

5 a 5*4 






The following table shows the price of No. 1 Foundry American Pig in 
New York on tlie first week of each mouth for the last six years, as quoted 
by the New York Iron Age,., indicating the course of the market more forcibly 
than we can give it in any other way. 



FIRST WEEK IN | 1866 

January , 85100 

February 51 0!) 

March 49 00 

April 40 00 

May 42 00 

Julie i 42 00 

July 48 00 

August , 48 00 

September 42 Oj 

October 48 00 

November , 49 00 

December , 49 00 



1867 


1868 


1869 


1870 


1871 


S4S 00 


$38 00 


S40 00 


$35 00 


«30 00 


45 00 


35 00 


40 00 


35 00 


30 00 


46 00 


39 00 


42 00 


34 00 


32 00 


40 00 


37 00 


42 00 


33 00 


34 00 


40 00 


37 00 


41 00 


32 00 


34 00 


41 00 


■37 00 


40 00 


32 50 


34 00 


41 00 


38 50 


41 00 


32 00 


34 00 


43 00 


42 00 


41 00 


33 00 


36 00 


44 I'O 


42 00 


40 00 


33 00 


37 00 


44 00 


42 00 


40 00 


32 50 


,38 00 


42 00 


42 00 


39 00 


31 00 


37 00 


40 00 


40 00 


38 00 


31 00 


37 00 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



003 318 674 5 4^ 



>»•«-. 



